by Tathālokā Bhikkhunī
January 16, 2024
พิมพานิพพาน"—Bimbā Nibbāna—from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, USA.
Not a lunar anniversary of one of our great arahant bhikkhunīs... or is it?
We always imagined, per the passed-down canonical Pāli text, that the Venerable Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna—the Pāli Parinibbāna/Sanskrit Parinirvāna being the ultimate or final nirvāna at the time of the 'death' of the arahats—was also on the Vesak full moon, just two years before the Buddhā's own Mahāparinibbāna.
So, her final nibbāna anniversary is shared with her partner of many lives, the Buddha.
Or was it?
Experiences of the past three days have got me wondering...
While South and Southeast Asian and Himalayan Buddhists remember the Buddha's own Mahā Parinibbāna or Mahāparinirvāna as part of the Three Great Events on the Vesak Full Moon: the Bodhisatta's Birth, the Great Awakening, and the the Great Final Passing; Northern, that is, East Asian Buddhist traditions of China, Korea, Japan and northern Vietnam following the Chinese Lunar Calendar remember the Buddha's Parinibbāna or Parinirvāna 釋迦牟尼佛涅槃日 on the 15th day of the second lunar month 二月十五日 which this year falls on the March 24th full moon of the western-international Gregorian Calendar 2024年 3月 24日. So, now is neither the time of Vesak, nor the time of the East Asian Buddha's Parinibbāna Day 佛涅槃日.
Why then do i write now?
I write now because on Saturday January 13th-14th, the second to third days of the waxing moon of the Indian lunar month of Paush (Pussa-māsaṁ in Pāli), throughout the day, i began to unintentionally come across old record after record related to the [Pari]Nibbāna of the ancient arahatī Bhikkhunī Bimbā Yasodharā Therī, seemingly as coincidence.
When they appeared, i would look with interest for a moment, and then set aside.
But not long after, another would appear. And like this repeatedly.
This pinged my interest and curiosity. Then i began to follow up with more sincerity.
Intro
I should mention that in the Pāli-text canonical and extra-canonical traditions, the Buddha's wife, mother of his child, partner of many lives on the spiritual path, and finally fully-awakened arahanta amongst the Buddha's foremost bhikkhunī disciples, is known by several names:
❀ Bimbā and Bimbādevī - "Queen Bimbā"
❀ Yasodharā - "Bearer of Glory"
❀ Rāhulamātā - "Rāhula's Mother"
❀ Etadagga Sāvikā Bhaddā Kaccānā - "Foremost Disciple of the Buddha:
'the Blessed/Venerable Golden One'"
Diary
1. The first image that appeared was that of her sārīrikadhātu, her bodily relics, which i had seen 13 years earlier, thanks to Facebook sharing the memory. The caption here says in Thai: "พระแม่พิมพาเทรี," that is, "Venerable Mother Bimbā Therī":
2. Then i came across this Lao-script Pāli manuscript named ພິມພາພິຣາດ Bimbābhilāta titled in English "Lao-Phimphaphirat-Princess Bimba Bemoans" in a genre generally now known in English as "Yasodharā's Lament". The accompanying description at the link here is in Lao and English.
❀ ພິມພາພິຣາດ, British Library, EAP1398/1/376, digitized by the Buddhist Heritage Project, Luang Prabang funded by the Endangered Archives Programme: Manuscript here
At this point, i should comment that the Pāli-text Buddhist traditions extend far beyond the "Pāli Canon" that is the Pāli-text Tipitaka (mūla), to commentaries, subcommentaries, chronicles, study texts, etc. We all know that originally these teachings of the Buddha were given orally by him, and then were passed down by memorized oral recitation traditions, before later being committed to writing, whether on palm leaf manuscripts as in South and Southeast Asia, or birch bark manuscripts in Gandhāra, or engraved on gold or copper plates or in stone inscriptions, or on wooden printing blocks, throughout Asia. What we might not know is that both oral traditions as well as manuscript and engraving traditions have continued up till now, even through the age of printed books and now digital media. Such recitations and copies of manuscripts were often sponsored by faithful donors and offered in merit-making festivals and Buddhist community gatherings in dedication to an eminent and admired person, or to dedicate merit to a loved one, most often a relative who had passed away.
The "Yasodharā's Lament" manuscript and recitation falls within this genre.
These recitations and manuscript traditions have existed and still exist alongside the Pāli-text Tipitaka. They may contain same material as in the canon, or they sometimes contain some interesting variants.
There is a whole sub-genre within these traditions called "Sāvaka Nibbāna."
These are texts and oral recitation traditions which record and recall the Parinibbāna of a number of eminent disciples of the Buddha: sāvaka (m) and sāvikā (f). Properly, the Ariya Sāvaka Sangha (as distinct from the Bhikkhu-Bhikkhunī Sangha aka ordained Samutti Sangha) includes all those noble disciples of the Buddha who are stream-enterers and beyond, through to arahantas.
In the case of several of the recitation and manuscript traditions related to our great bhikkhunī sāvikā Bhaddā Kaccānā Therī aka Rāhulamātā Bimbā Yasodharā passed down in Sri Lanka, i noted the interesting variant that the text clearly mentions the creation and dedication of a stupa ✨♟︎✨ for the post-cremation bodily relics of the venerable Bhaddā Kaccānā Therī.
❛❛ Her relics were enshrined in a beautiful stūpa.
All paid their respects with a rain of flowers.
Siddharta, now a Buddha, rained Merit on her,
With his Buddha-hand placed flowers on her bier. ❜❜
— v 117 Yasodharāvata යසෝධරාවත "The Story of Yasodharā"
Translated by Ranjini Obeyesekere (source text: S. Gamlath and E. A. Wickramasinghe, eds., Yasodharāvata. Colombo: Godage, 1995)
That piqued my curiosity, as we are in the process now of rediscovering and recovering ancient leading Arahatī Bhikkhunīs' stupas (aka 'cetiya's) one after another in South Asia, in India, in Sri Lanka, and in Nepal.
🤔 I wondered: Is it only Sri Lankan manuscripts, recitation traditions, and common tellings that record such a stupa? ✨♟︎✨
While the Sri Lankan Pāli-text and Sinhala tradition as translated and published by Ranjini Obeyesekere in her 2014 book Yasodhara, the Wife of the Bodhisattva: The Sinhala Yasodharavata (The Story of Yasodhara) and the Sinhala Yasodharapadanaya (The Sacred Biography of Yasodhara)* are generally the same or quite similar otherwise to the canonical Pāli-text Yasodharā Therī Apadāna, which records the truly great Parinibbāna of Yasodharā Therī, it mentions nothing of the establishment of a Yasodharā Therī Stupa. ✨♟︎✨
This is the cover of Ranjini Obeyesekere's important book on Kindle from Amazon (noting this book is available from many other sellers besides Amazon).
* Noting, this is an English language book.
This question of whether the Sri Lankan Pāli recitation and manuscript traditions are unique with regards recording the establishment of a stupa, and whether any manuscripts might more clearly identify this great Therī's ✨date of Parinibbāna ✨,
had been on my mind since first reading a draft of Ranjini Obeyesekere's book 10 years ago, in 2014.
3. So then, Facebook reminded me again of my post 10 years ago, of the going forth and ordination of Rāhulamātā Bimbā Yasodharā as a bhikkhunī, memorialized in large-as-life tile fresco on the inner ceiling of the Queen's Chedi at Doi Inthanon, the highest point in Thailand. The inner ceiling of the stupa/cetiya contains portraits of the lives of many of the women who were closest to the Buddha in his long many-lives journey to enlightenment, and in his final life. The tile fresco of Yasodharā Therī's Pabbajjā is directly across the inner ceiling of the cetiya from the tile frescos which depict both Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī Therī's request for ordination with the Buddha, as well as depicting her Parinibbāna.
My original post of the image of this tile mural from the Noppapolbhumisiri Cedi (aka Queen's Chedi) is here.
This led me to wondering, the aforementioned image of her relics still bright in my mind:
🙏"What about the Parinibbāna of Yasodharā Therī?"
4. So, i typed "Bimbā Yasodharā Parinibbāna" into a search, and what came up but
this (!): 🙏🙏🙏
"ពិម្ភយសោធរាភិក្ខុនិនិព្ពាន : Bimbhāyasodharābhikkhuniparinibbāna".
This was from the French website of the EFEO Manuscrits Archives of the Bibliothèque de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (Paris):
(description) "Texte du Bimbābhikkhunīnibbāna (Bimbāyasodharābhikkhunīparinibbāna), qui relate le Nibbāna de la Bhikkhunī Bimbā (Yasodharā). Plusieurs variantes du titre apparaissent dans le manuscrit : ពិម្ពាភិក្ខុនិយានិព្ពាន (Bimbābhikkhuniyā nibbāna), ពិម្ពាយសោធរាភិក្ខុនីថេរីបរិនិព្ពាន (Bimbāyasodharā bhikkunītherī parinibbāna)."
The website lists another manuscript fragment of the same genre in the same Bibliothèque de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (Paris): Manuscript
These are Pāli-text manuscripts inscribed in the old "sacred" Khmer Khom script.
I was hopeful, as i have begun a little reading Pāli in Khmer script this past Vassa while studying Bhikkhunī Vinaya and ancient Bhikkhunī Sangha history trilingual: in Roman-script Pāli, Khmer-script Pāli, and English.
However, this website only lists the manuscripts. It does not give links to scans of them as with the Lao-script Pāli manuscript of "Yasodharā's Lament" mentioned above.
I thought i remembered there being scans of this manuscript?—but where??
I turned to Peter Skilling's "Reflections on the Pali Literature of Siam" chapter of the 2014 book Birch Bark to Digital Data . And that is where i found it.
Found what?
5. I found reference to the old, but well-preserved, late 18th century cloth painting: "พิมพานิพพาน"—Bimbā Nibbāna— the painting at the top of this post — as being at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, USA.
Wonderful! But very hard to find, despite the museum having a beautiful freely available online exhibition. Why?
Because, as noted since 2009 by Peter Skilling, despite having the subject matter of the painting clearly written within the bottom of the painting as Bimbā Nibbāna, “Bhimbāṇibhāna ภิมพาณิภาณ,” the painting has been mislabeled at the Walters Art Museum online as "The Buddha Attains Parinirvana".
While it is true that the Buddha was an arahanta, and arahant sāvika and sāvikā disciples of the Buddha are also called "sāvaka buddhas" in extra-canonical Pāli-text traditions (three kinds of arahat buddhas being "sammāsambuddhas", "paccakebuddhas", and "sāvakabuddhas"), clearly that is not what is meant here. Rather, there is a misidentification between awakened bhikkhunī disciple arahatī sāvikā buddhā Bimbā Yasodharā Therī and The Sammāsambuddha.
Nonetheless, through diligent searching, I found it. And am very happy to share this very special painting with you here at long last, as the first image of this post.
Shortly after, the thought came to me to check in with Trent Walker, who has done so much study and faithful personal and academic work with the Cambodian Khmer Buddhist chanting traditions (please see his recently published book Until Nirvana's Time ).
6. Sure enough, Trent knew where digital scans of a similar manuscript have fortunately been made publicly available by the BUDA Buddhist Digital Resource Center in their online archive under record number bdr:W1FEMC020222...
"...produced during an earlier manuscript documentation project carried out by the Fonds pour l’Edition des Manuscripts du Cambodge of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO-FEMC).
The digitization was carried out by the Buddhist Digital Resource Center in collaboration with Digital Divide Data, Brechin Imaging Services and the FEMC, with the permission of the EFEO. We are grateful for the support of A Khmer Buddhist Foundation, whose generosity made this preservation project possible. Permalink."
A screenshot of the beginning of the "ពិម្ភយសោធរាភិក្ខុនិនិព្ពាន Bimbā Yasodharā Bhikkhuni Parinibbāna manuscript is the image here. "Anumodana!" to all who made this great resource freely available!
"ពិម្ភយសោធរាភិក្ខុនិនិព្ពាន Bimbā Yasodharā Bhikkhuni Parinibbāna manuscript.
7. A next question:
Is there any Khmer Khom transcription and/or Khmer or Roman transliteration of the Bimbā Yasodharā Bhikkhuni Parinibbāna manuscript available?
My deep appreciation again to Trent for his ready working knowledge: (many merits to them) the Queen Sirindhorn Anthropology Center research database (SAC Research Database) has made publicly available this:
❀ "Examination and analytical study of the Pali language edition of the 'Bimbā Bhikkhunī Nibbāna' scripture" by researchers: Siam Phattharanuprawat and Rungroj Phiromanukul, 2003 CE
❀ (original Thai) การตรวจชำระและการศึกษาเชิงวิเคราะห์คัมภีร์พิมพาภิกขุนีนิพพานฉบับภาษาบาลี | นักวิจัย : สยาม ภัทรานุประวัติ, รุ่งโรจน์ ภิรมย์อนุกูล, ปี : 2546 BE Document here
The cover of this important book:
Examination and analytical study of the Pali language edition of the 'Bimbā Bhikkhunī Nibbāna' scripture
Transliteration
"Chapter 3: Phra Bimbā Bhikkhunī Nibbāna, a critical edition
บทที่ 3 เรื่องพระพิมพาภิกขุนิพพานฉบับตรวจชำระ," offers a critical edition of the Romanized Pāli-text: Document here
Translation
"Chapter 4: [offers Thai] Translation of the Bimbā Bhikkhunī Nibbāna Pāli บทที่ 4 พิมพาภิกขุนิพพานฉบับแปล" Document here
For those who are Thai readers, there is much more to learn in the 8 chapters, Bibliography and Appendix of this important book. For those who use Google Chrome, it is easily possible to translate the description and Table of Contents into English or your language of choice using Google Translate.
What a valuable resource!
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Excerpt from the opening and end of the Yasodharāpadānaya යසෝදරාපදානය "The Sacred Biography of Yasodharā" - from the palm leaf manuscript B/5 in the library of the Dharmagaveshana library, edited by the monk Meegoda Pannaloka Thēra (Colombo: Sadeepa, 2000) - translated by Ranjini Obeyesekere.
❛❛ I salute the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Enlightened One.
❛❛ Our Lord Buddha, the most auspicious and brightest ornament of the Sakya clan, Teacher of the Three Worlds, in the forty-third year of his Enlightenment...went...to the city of Rajagaha, from there to a beautiful and pleasing cave on the Gijakūta mountain, and resided there.
❛❛ At that time the Thēri (Senior nun) Yasodharā, accompanied by thousands of bhikkhunis (nuns), left her nunnery, went to see the Buddha, worshipped him, sat respectfully on a side, listened to a sermon, and at its conclusion took her leave and returned to her nunnery. The next evening, sitting in the half lotus position she attained a Trance State and thought thus, “The Lord Buddha’s final release into nirvāṇa and my release from life are to take place on the same day. If that were to happen people in this world will be faced simultaneously with a double loss and will not be able to bear it. Therefore it is better that I should go to the state of nirvāṇa before him.” Knowing that two years hence the Buddha would attain nirvāṇa she thought, “I will therefore go immediately, make my farewells, get forgiveness and this very night reach nirvāṇa.” At that moment strange miracles occurred. Then she went to the nunneries of eighteen thousand nuns who had performed Acts of Merit and faithfully served the Buddha and her over an infinite period in saṁsāra. They all [went to the Buddha] worshipped him and lovely as a galaxy of stars shining around a moon, applauding “sadhu” (good! good!) informed him that she had come....
❛❛...Later the Buddha with a host of gods, Brahmas and a huge crowd [of people] gathered and performed the funeral rites. Thereafter the Buddha took the relics and had a stūpa [✨♟︎✨] constructed, offered flowers and lights, and instructed the residents of Dambadiva [Jambudvipa, the Indian subcontinent] to make daily offerings in order to acquire the blessings of heaven and nirvāṇa. Thus, because of that great stūpa all men could perform Acts of Merit and arrive at the city of heaven and the city of nirvāṇa and escape the sufferings of saṁsāra. ❜❜
Both this quote and the one above are from the English-language book Yasodharā, the Wife of the Bōdhisattva, shown above.
THE SINHALA Yasodharāvata (The Story of Yasodharā)
AND THE SINHALA Yasodharāpadānaya (The Sacred Biography of Yasodharā)
Translated with an Introduction and Notes by RANJINI OBEYESEKERE
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Resources
Yasodharātherīapadāna (Roman Pāli script)
from the Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500 Tipitaka
Yasodharā Therīpadāna "The Legends of the Therīs"
English translation by Jonathan Walters
Yasodharātherīapadānaṃ (Roman Pāli script)*
from the VRI CST Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipitaka 8
*Many other scripts of the same Pāli text are available here
a few of them:
Devanagari
Bengali
Thai
Khmer
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Invitation
❀ Do you know of any other inspiring art works depicting Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna?
❀ Do you know where in India is the Yasodharā Stupa?
❀ Do you know of the Story of Yasodharā Therī's Parnibbāna being told in Chinese-text Tripitaka? Or Tibetan-text Tripitaka?
❀ Do you know of any important resources not mentioned here?
Welcome to share them with me by emailing the monastery.
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Gratitude
I would like to always thank all of the leaders and supporters of Dhammadharini and of mine for your support, which makes it possible to share these discoveries and resources with you, dear Venerable and Dhamma relatives and friends.
May everyone benefit.
May this contribute to our own realization of Nibbāna.
Sādhu Sādhu Sādhu ~ Anumodāmī
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For reference
Sinhala
❀ රාහුලමාතා යශෝධරා මහ අරහත් තෙරණින් වහන්සේ පරිනිබ්බානය (පරිනිර්වාණය)
rāhulamātā yaśōdharā maha arahat teraṇin vahansē parinibbānaya (parinirvāṇaya)
Thai
❀ พระภัททากัจจานาเถรี
Phra (Venerable) Bhaddā Kaccānā Therī
❀ พระนางยโสธราพิมพา
Phra Nang (Venerable Lady) Yasodharā Bimbā
พระนางพิมพาเถรีภิกษุณี
❀ Phra Nang Bimbā Therī Bhikṣuṇī
❀ ยโสธรานิพพาน
Yasodharā Nibbāna
Cambodian/Khmer
❀ ព្រះយសោធរាភិក្ខុនី (ព្រះភទ្ធាកញ្ចនាភិក្ខុនី)៖ អ្នកបានអភិញ្ញាដ៏ធំ Preah Yasodharā Bhikkhunī (Preah Bhaddā Kanchānā Bhikkhunī)
❀ ព្រះនាង យសោធរា ពិម្ពា
Preah Neang (Venerable Lady) Yasodharā Bimbā
❀ ព្រះអរហន្តី មហាថេរីយ សោធរាពិម្ពា បរិនិព្វាន
Preah Arahantī Mahātherī Yasodharābimbā Parinibbāna
❀ ពិម្ពានិព្វាន Bimbā Nibbāna
Lao
❀ ພຣະນາງ ຍະໂສທະຣາ ຫຼື ພິມພາ
Venerable Lady Yasodharā aka Bimbā
❀ Bimbā Therī Nibbāna ພິມພາເຖຣີນິພພານ (Phimpha theli nipphan)
❀ Bimbā Therī Nibbāna ພິມພາເຖຣີນິພພານ (Phimpha theli nipphan)
Chinese
❀ 巴達卡恰那 羅睺羅母耶輸陀羅苾芻尼般涅槃
Rāhulamātā Yasodharā Bhikṣuṇī Parinirvāna
罗睺罗母 耶输陀罗 耶输多罗 (alternate spellings)
❀ 迦旃延 比丘尼
Kaccāyanā / Kātyāyanā / Kātyāyanā Bhikkhunī
Korean
❀ 라후라의 어머니 야수다라 비구니 열반
Rāhulamātā Yasodharā Bhikkhunī Nirvāna
Tibetan
❀ Yaśodharā གྲགས་འཛིན་མ། grags ’dzin ma
❀ Yaśovatī* གྲགས་ལྡན། grags ldan
* not sure if Yaśovatī is a synonym or a different person
Addendum: Reliquary Cetiya Stupa in Sri Lanka
I learned about a reliquary cetiya stupa of Yasodharā Therī in Sri Lanka today, the Siri Yaśōdarā Sǣya සිරි යශෝදරා සෑය of Uḍupila, said on the dedicated website (linked to below) to currently be the only such in the world.
The Udupila Nuns Monastery (Assapuwa) location of the Siri Yasōdarā Mahā Seya is a member of the Mahamevnawa Buddhist community of Sri Lanka.
The cetiya foundation was inaugurated with the setting of the Mangala stone in March of 2013, and the stupa was completed with the installation of Arahat Therī Yasodharā's dhātū (relics) on June 14th 2014, ten years ago. About six years later, in March of 2020, a Mandir was inaugurated for the establishment the 'lifelike' statue of the most venerable Rāhulamātā Yasodharā Therī, which you may have seen photos and videos of. The photo here is from the Siri Yasodharā Seya website, which gives abundant information in both English and Sinhala.
සිරි යසෝදරා මහා සෑ රජාණන් වහන්සේ
මහා අභිඥාලාභී යසෝදරා මහ රහත් තෙරණින් වහන්සේගේ උත්තම ධාතූන් වහන්සේලා නිධාපිත ලොව එකම මහ සෑ රාජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ආනුභාවයෙන් ඔබ සැමට සෙත් වේවා!
siri yasōdarā mahā sǣ rajāṇan vahansē mahā abhignālābhī yasōdarā maha rahat teraṇin vahansēgē uttama dhātūn vahansēlā nidhāpita lova ekama maha sǣ rājāṇan vahansēgē ānubhāvayen oba sæmaṭa set vēvā!
New knowledge emerging...
January 17, 2024
(1) Date of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
(2) Location of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
(3) Bone Relic Cetiya Stupa of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
Many kind thanks and kudos to Trent Walker for pointing these out.
. . .
(1) Date of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
Reading the critical edition of a collection of old Pāli-text manuscripts of "Bimbā Yasodharā Therī Parinibbāna" preserved in old Khmer (Khom) and Mon scripts, we have found mention of the date:
"Puṇṇamī-uposathe Phaguṇamāse Buddhavārarattidive"
Phagguṇa Punnamī (Phālguna Purnima) Medin Poya Day Full Moon
March 24 – 25, 2024
This day, Rāhulamātā Bimbā Yasodharā Therī Parinibbāna Day, is already remembered as the anniversary of the Buddha's first return to his hometown of Kapilavastu, as well as also Suddhodana Rāja's and Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī Stream Entry Day.
And it is the lunar anniversary of the revival of Theravāda Dual Ordination in Sri Lanka (this year will be 26 years).
Now we will also remember it as the most venerable Arahatī Bhaddā Kaccānā Bimbā Yasodharā's Parinibbāna Day.
(2) Location of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
We also learned the Parinibbāna location: north of Sāvatthi at the Bhikkhunī Upassaya Ārāme on the Āciravāti River.
Noting that the Sinhalese manuscripts generally say the Buddha was at Sāvatthi then came to Rajagaha to Gijjakuta, and Yasodharā Therī went to him there to take her final leave. They do not mention the location of her Parinibbāna, however, some seem to place her at the great bhikkhunī upassay'ārāme of Rājagaha.
(3) Bone Relic Cetiya Stupa of Bimbā Yasodharā Therī's Parinibbāna
...and we learn that a cetiya stupa for the great arahatī's bone relics (aṭṭhidhātuyo thūpacetiyaṁ) was established.
Noting, the Pāli-text and Sinhalese Yasodharāvata යසෝධරාවත "The Story of Yasodharā" and Yasodharāpadānaya යසෝදරාපදානය "The Sacred Biography of Yasodharā" manuscripts preserved in Sri Lanka also both record the creation and benediction of Yasodharā Therī reliquary stupa (thupa) in the presence of and with the personal involvement of the Buddha.
This is from "Chapter 3: Phra Bimbā Bhikkhunī Nibbāna, a critical edition
บทที่ 3 เรื่องพระพิมพาภิกขุนิพพานฉบับตรวจชำระ," offers a critical edition of the Romanized Pāli-text: Document here
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